The Greatest Literature of South Asia
This list comprises the greatest literature from the area once called the "Indian subcontinent" but is now more properly referred to as South Asia. This includes the countries of India, Pakistan, Bengali, Sri Lanka and several others that have existed historically.
For the Greatest Literature of South Asia we have tried to cover all possible genres, cultures and periods of literature from the area, based on the same extensive research and surveys carried out for our Greatest Literature of All Time—with special attention paid to the views of South Asian readers, writers, critics and scholars.
Sometimes it is difficult to decide which works are to be considered "South Asian", as authors who started their careers in the area sometimes moved to and worked in other parts of the world. To help find consensus on this question, we consider writers' origins, their current nationalities, where they wrote, where they published, and what they wrote about. In the end though, a judgment call often has to be made and not everyone is going to agree with every tough call we've had to make.
One more caveat: although we think this is a good beginning for a list of the greatest works from South Asia, we suspect it is too short and we expect it to grow with our ongoing research. Check back for updates.
Latest update: July 12, 2023
The 77 greatest works of South Asian literature
In chronological order
c.600–200 CE
Ramayana
Valmiki,
India,
long poem
c.400 BCE–400 CE
Mahābhārata
Vyasa,
India,
long poem
c.200–300 BCE
Panchatantra (Five Treatises)
Anonymous,
India,
story collection
c.300
The Vision of Vasavadatta
Bhasa,
India,
play
c.400
The Recognition of Shakuntala
Kālidāsa,
India,
play
c.450
Mahāvaṃsa
Anonymous,
Sri Lanka,
long poem
450–500
The Three Satakas
Bhartṛhari,
India,
poetry collection
c.500
The Tale of an Anklet
Iḷaṅkõ Aṭikaḷ,
India,
long poem
c.1000
Twenty-five Tales of Baital
ed. Somadeva
India,
story collection
1866
Kapalkundala
Bankim Chandra Chatterjee,
Bengal,
novel
1873
Bishabriksha
Bankim Chandra Chatterjee,
Bengal,
novel
1882
Anandamath
Bankim Chandra Chatterjee,
Bengal,
novel
The Fruitseller from Kabul
Rabindranath Tagore,
Bengal,
story
1899
Umrao Jaan Ada
Mirza Hadi Ruswa,
India,
novel
1901
The Broken Nest
Rabindranath Tagore,
Bengal,
novella
1910
Gora
Rabindranath Tagore,
Bengal,
novel
1912
The Post Office
Rabindranath Tagore,
Bengal,
play
Song Offerings
Rabindranath Tagore,
Bengal,
poetry collection
1914–1917
Bunch of Stories
Rabindranath Tagore,
Bengal,
story collection
1916
The Home and the World
Rabindranath Tagore,
Bengal,
novel
1922
Anarkali
Imtiaz Ali Taj,
India,
play
1935
Untouchable
Mulk Raj Anand,
India,
novel
Swami and Friends
R.K. Narayan,
India,
novel
1943
The Crooked Line
Ismat Chugtai,
India,
novel
Mulgadi Days
R.K. Narayan,
India,
story collection
1950
The Skeleton
Amrita Pritam,
India,
story collection
1951
The Autobiography of an Unknown Indian
Nirad C. Chaudhuri,
India,
memoir
1952
The Financial Expert
R.K. Narayan,
India,
novel
1953
The Private Life of an Indian Prince
Mulk Raj Anand,
India,
novel
1954
Nectar in a Sieve
Kamala Markandaya,
India,
novel
1955
Waiting for the Mahatma
R.K. Narayan,
India,
novel
1956
Train to Pakistan
Khushwant Singh,
India,
novel
1958
The Guide
R.K. Narayan,
India,
novel
1959
River of Fire
Qurratulain Hyder,
India,
novel
1963
Best Stories of Manto
Sadaat Hasan Manto,
Pakistan,
story collection
1965
Pterodactyl, Puran Shay, and Pirtha
Mahasweta Devi,
Bangladesh,
novella
1966
The English Teacher
R.K. Narayan,
India,
novel
1967
The Vendor of Sweets
R.K. Narayan,
India,
novel
1974
Crooked Line
Ismat Chughtai,
India,
novel
1977
Phaniyamma
M.K. Indira,
India,
novella
1980
Clear Light of Day
Anita Desai,
India,
novel
1981
Midnight's Children
Salman Rushdie,
India,
novel
1983
Shame
Salman Rushdie,
India,
novel
1984
In Custody
Anita Desai,
India,
novel
1985
Rich Like Us
Nayantara Saghal,
India,
novel
1986
The Golden Gate
Vikram Seth,
India,
novel
1988
Baumgartner's Bombay
Anita Desai,
India,
novel
The Shadow Lines
Amitav Ghosh,
India,
novel
The Satanic Verses
Salman Rushdie,
India,
novel
Ice Candy Man
Bapsi Sidhwa,
Pakistan,
novel
1989
The Great Indian Novel
Shashi Tharoor,
India,
novel
1990
Haroun and the Sea of Stories
Salman Rushdie,
India,
novel
1992
Vardi Wala Gunda
Ved Prakash Sharma,
India,
novel
The Triple Mirror of the Self
Zulfikar Ghose,
Pakistan,
novel
1993
The Jam Fruit Tree
Carl Muller,
Sri Lanka,
novel
A Suitable Boy
Vikram Seth,
India,
novel
1994
The Amulet
Punyakante Wijenaike,
Sri Lanka,
novel
1996
Quilt and Other Stories
Ismat Chugtai,
India,
story collection
1997
The God of Small Things
Arundhati Roy,
India,
novel
1999
Feasting, Fasting
Anita Desai,
India,
novel
2003
The Road From Elephant Pass
Nihal De Silva,
Sri Lanka,
novel
2004
The Last Song of Dusk
Siddharth Shangvi,
India,
novel
2005
The Collector's Wife
Mitra Phukan,
India,
novel
2006
The Inheritance of Loss
Kiran Desai,
India,
novella
2007
The Reluctant Fundamentalist
Mohsin Hamid,
Pakistan,
novel
Dara Shikoh
Danish Iqbal,
India,
play
2008
The White Tiger
Aravind Adiga,
India,
novel
Sea of Poppies
Amitav Ghosh,
India,
novel
2009
2 States: The Story of My Marriage
Chetan Bhagat,
India,
novel
Three Plays
Utpal Dutt,
India,
Plays
2010
Chinaman: The Legend of Pradeep Mathew
Shehan Karunatilaka,
Sri Lanka,
novel
2013
Chronicle of a Corpse Bearer
Cyurus Mistry,
India,
novel
2015
Devourers,The
Indra Das,
India,
novel
Ghachar Ghochar
Vivek Shanbhag,
India,
novella
2017
Exit West
Mohsin Hamid,
Pakistan,
novel
Home Fire
Kamila Shamsie,
Pakistan,
novel
2018
Tomb of Sand
Geetanjali Shree,
India,
novel
2022
The Seven Moons of Maali Almeida
Shehan Karunatilaka,
Sri Lanka,
novel
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