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The Greatest Literature of South Asia

This list comprises the greatest literature from the area once called the "Indian subcontinent" but is now more properly referred to as South Asia. This includes the countries of India, Pakistan, Bengali, Sri Lanka and several others that have existed historically.

For the Greatest Literature of South Asia we have tried to cover all possible genres, cultures and periods of literature from the area, based on the same extensive research and surveys carried out for our Greatest Literature of All Time—with special attention paid to the views of South Asian readers, writers, critics and scholars.

Sometimes it is difficult to decide which works are to be considered "South Asian", as authors who started their careers in the area sometimes moved to and worked in other parts of the world. To help find consensus on this question, we consider writers' origins, their current nationalities, where they wrote, where they published, and what they wrote about. In the end though, a judgment call often has to be made and not everyone is going to agree with every tough call we've had to make.

One more caveat: although we think this is a good beginning for a list of the greatest works from South Asia, we suspect it is too short and we expect it to grow with our ongoing research. Check back for updates.

Latest update: July 12, 2023

The 77 greatest works of South Asian literature

In chronological order

c.600–200 CE
Ramayana   
Valmiki, 
India, 
long poem
c.400 BCE–400 CE
Mahābhārata   
Vyasa, 
India, 
long poem
c.200–300 BCE
Panchatantra (Five Treatises)   
Anonymous, 
India, 
story collection
c.300
The Vision of Vasavadatta   
Bhasa, 
India, 
play
c.400
The Recognition of Shakuntala   
Kālidāsa, 
India, 
play
c.450
Mahāvaṃsa   
Anonymous, 
Sri Lanka, 
long poem
450–500
The Three Satakas   
Bhartṛhari, 
India, 
poetry collection
c.500
The Tale of an Anklet   
Iḷaṅkõ Aṭikaḷ, 
India, 
long poem
c.1000
Twenty-five Tales of Baital   
ed. Somadeva
India, 
story collection
1866
Kapalkundala   
Bankim Chandra Chatterjee, 
Bengal, 
novel
1873
Bishabriksha   
Bankim Chandra Chatterjee, 
Bengal, 
novel
1882
Anandamath   
Bankim Chandra Chatterjee, 
Bengal, 
novel
 
The Fruitseller from Kabul   
Rabindranath Tagore, 
Bengal, 
story
1899
Umrao Jaan Ada   
Mirza Hadi Ruswa, 
India, 
novel
1901
The Broken Nest   
Rabindranath Tagore, 
Bengal, 
novella
1910
Gora   
Rabindranath Tagore, 
Bengal, 
novel
1912
The Post Office   
Rabindranath Tagore, 
Bengal, 
play
 
Song Offerings   
Rabindranath Tagore, 
Bengal, 
poetry collection
1914–1917
Bunch of Stories   
Rabindranath Tagore, 
Bengal, 
story collection
1916
The Home and the World   
Rabindranath Tagore, 
Bengal, 
novel
1922
Anarkali   
Imtiaz Ali Taj, 
India, 
play
1935
Untouchable   
Mulk Raj Anand, 
India, 
novel
 
Swami and Friends   
R.K. Narayan, 
India, 
novel
1943
The Crooked Line   
Ismat Chugtai, 
India, 
novel
 
Mulgadi Days   
R.K. Narayan, 
India, 
story collection
1950
The Skeleton   
Amrita Pritam, 
India, 
story collection
1951
The Autobiography of an Unknown Indian   
Nirad C. Chaudhuri, 
India, 
memoir
1952
The Financial Expert   
R.K. Narayan, 
India, 
novel
1953
The Private Life of an Indian Prince   
Mulk Raj Anand, 
India, 
novel
1954
Nectar in a Sieve   
Kamala Markandaya, 
India, 
novel
1955
Waiting for the Mahatma   
R.K. Narayan, 
India, 
novel
1956
Train to Pakistan   
Khushwant Singh, 
India, 
novel
1958
The Guide   
R.K. Narayan, 
India, 
novel
1959
River of Fire   
Qurratulain Hyder, 
India, 
novel
1963
Best Stories of Manto   
Sadaat Hasan Manto, 
Pakistan, 
story collection
1965
Pterodactyl, Puran Shay, and Pirtha   
Mahasweta Devi, 
Bangladesh, 
novella
1966
The English Teacher   
R.K. Narayan, 
India, 
novel
1967
The Vendor of Sweets   
R.K. Narayan, 
India, 
novel
1974
Crooked Line   
Ismat Chughtai, 
India, 
novel
1977
Phaniyamma   
M.K. Indira, 
India, 
novella
1980
Clear Light of Day   
Anita Desai, 
India, 
novel
1981
Midnight's Children   
Salman Rushdie, 
India, 
novel
1983
Shame   
Salman Rushdie, 
India, 
novel
1984
In Custody   
Anita Desai, 
India, 
novel
1985
Rich Like Us   
Nayantara Saghal, 
India, 
novel
1986
The Golden Gate   
Vikram Seth, 
India, 
novel
1988
Baumgartner's Bombay   
Anita Desai, 
India, 
novel
 
The Shadow Lines   
Amitav Ghosh, 
India, 
novel
 
The Satanic Verses   
Salman Rushdie, 
India, 
novel
 
Ice Candy Man   
Bapsi Sidhwa, 
Pakistan, 
novel
1989
The Great Indian Novel   
Shashi Tharoor, 
India, 
novel
1990
Haroun and the Sea of Stories   
Salman Rushdie, 
India, 
novel
1992
Vardi Wala Gunda   
Ved Prakash Sharma, 
India, 
novel
 
The Triple Mirror of the Self   
Zulfikar Ghose, 
Pakistan, 
novel
1993
The Jam Fruit Tree   
Carl Muller, 
Sri Lanka, 
novel
 
A Suitable Boy   
Vikram Seth, 
India, 
novel
1994
The Amulet   
Punyakante Wijenaike, 
Sri Lanka, 
novel
1996
Quilt and Other Stories   
Ismat Chugtai, 
India, 
story collection
1997
The God of Small Things   
Arundhati Roy, 
India, 
novel
1999
Feasting, Fasting   
Anita Desai, 
India, 
novel
2003
The Road From Elephant Pass   
Nihal De Silva, 
Sri Lanka, 
novel
2004
The Last Song of Dusk   
Siddharth Shangvi, 
India, 
novel
2005
The Collector's Wife   
Mitra Phukan, 
India, 
novel
2006
The Inheritance of Loss   
Kiran Desai, 
India, 
novella
2007
The Reluctant Fundamentalist   
Mohsin Hamid, 
Pakistan, 
novel
 
Dara Shikoh   
Danish Iqbal, 
India, 
play
2008
The White Tiger   
Aravind Adiga, 
India, 
novel
 
Sea of Poppies   
Amitav Ghosh, 
India, 
novel
2009
2 States: The Story of My Marriage   
Chetan Bhagat, 
India, 
novel
 
Three Plays   
Utpal Dutt, 
India, 
Plays
2010
Chinaman: The Legend of Pradeep Mathew   
Shehan Karunatilaka, 
Sri Lanka, 
novel
2013
Chronicle of a Corpse Bearer   
Cyurus Mistry, 
India, 
novel
2015
Devourers,The   
Indra Das, 
India, 
novel
 
Ghachar Ghochar   
Vivek Shanbhag, 
India, 
novella
2017
Exit West   
Mohsin Hamid, 
Pakistan, 
novel
 
Home Fire   
Kamila Shamsie, 
Pakistan, 
novel
2018
Tomb of Sand   
Geetanjali Shree, 
India, 
novel
2022
The Seven Moons of Maali Almeida   
Shehan Karunatilaka, 
Sri Lanka, 
novel

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