The 222 Greatest Works of Science Fiction
The literati often scorn science fiction works as "space operas", as if they're all about starships zipping around the galaxy battling bug-eyed aliens. And, to tell the truth, this does describe part of the field—a small part.
But serious science fiction readers appreciate the genre as exploring all possibilities of human experience. This speculative literature may be as psychologically, philosophically, politically or sexually charged as so-called mainstream literature.
The works cited on this Greatest Science Fiction list have been selected based on the same research and surveys that helped create The Greatest Literature of All Time list and our other Greatest lists.
This list focuses on major standalone works—such as novels, novellas, plays and collections. Science fiction series and single short stories may be found on separate lists.
Latest update: March 5, 2024
1638
The Man in the Moone
by Francis Godwin, England
Novel
1752
Micromégas
by Voltaire, France
Novel
1818
Frankenstein
Novel, also known as
Frankenstein, or The Modern Prometheus
By several standards Frankenstein is a very poorly written novel. The narrative wanders all over, bogging down in irrelevant subplots and extraneous characters, the characters (except for one) are thinly and.... Critique • Quotes • Text • At the movies • Buy
1827
A Voyage to the Moon
by Joseph Atterley, United States
Novel
1864
A Journey to the Centre of the Earth
by Jules Verne, France
Novel
The great thing about Jules Verne's stories of fantastic voyages is that they don't come across as fantastic. At least while we're reading, we believe we could fly across the world in a balloon, ride a rocket to the moon.... Critique • Quotes • At the movies • Buy
1865
From the Earth to the Moon
by Jules Verne, France
Novel
1870
Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea
by Jules Verne, France
Novel
1871
The Coming Race
Novel
It's an irony of sorts that Edward Bulwer-Lytton's most influential book may be his last, one of his shortest, written in a genre different from everything else he had done to that point, and not even published under his own.... Critique • Quotes • Buy
1872
Erewhon
Novel
I'm not sure we should even call Erewhon a novel. If it is one, it's a novel of ideas. Not like, say, one of Aldous Huxley's novels of ideas though. Great ideas don't play out among characters or decide the plot. In Butler's.... Critique • Quotes • Text • Buy
1872–1874
The Novel of the Next Century
by Mór Jókai, Hungary
Novel
1884
Flatland
by Edwin A. Abbott, England
Novella
Flatland is a curiosity. This novella, fable, allegory, satire or math lesson—whatever it's supposed to be—is often counted as a classic science fiction work. From a bare description of Flatland, I could see why. A hypothetical.... Critique • Quotes • Buy
1886
Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde
Novella
The surprising thing about Robert Louis Stevenson's horror story, if you had previously known the Jekyll and Hyde character only indirectly through popular culture, is that it's so brief. Not only is the novella short.... Critique • Quotes • Text • At the movies • Buy
1888
The Cataclysm
by J.-H. Rosny, France
Novel
1889
A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court
by Mark Twain, United States
Novel
If your first exposure to Mark Twain's time travel tale was the Disney or other screen adaptations, you may be shocked by your reading of A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court. Shocked by how rough.... Critique • Quotes • Text • At the movies • Buy
1893
The Angel of the Revolution
by George Griffith, England
Novel
1893–1994
Omega: The Last Days of the World
by Camill Flammarion, France
Novel
1895
The Time Machine
by H.G. Wells, England
Novella
1896
Beyond the Earth
by Konstantin Tsiolkovskiy, Russia
Novel
The Island of Doctor Moreau
by H.G. Wells, England
Novel
1897
Two Planets
by Kurd Lasswitz, Germany
Novel
The Invisible Man
by H.G. Wells, England
Novel
1898
The War of the Worlds
by H.G. Wells, England
Novel
1912
The Lost World
Novel
1917
A Princess of Mars
by Edgar Rice Burroughs, United States
Novel
1920
R.U.R.
by Karel Čapek, Czechoslovakia
Novel
1922
The Girl in the Golden Atom
by Ray Cummings, United States
Novel
1924
We
by Yevgeny Zamyatin, Russia
Novel, originally My in Russian
The Land That Time Forgot
by Edgar Rice Burroughs, United States
Novel
1926
Metropolis
by Thea von Harbou, Germany
Novel
The Garin Death Ray
by Aleksey Tolstoy, Russia
Novel
1928
The Machine Stops
by E.M. Forster, England
Novella
1929
The World Below
by S. Fowler Wright, England
Novel
1930
Last and First Men
by Olaf Stapledon, England
Novel
1932
Brave New World
Novel
I wonder if people who refer to Aldous Huxley's Brave New World as a cautionary tale—that is, those who aren't confusing it with George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four—could actually spell out what it is cautioning against.... Critique • Quotes • Buy
1936
War With the Newts
by Karel Čapek, Czechoslovakia
Novel
1937
Star Maker
by Olaf Stapledon, England
Novel
1938
Who Goes There?
by John W. Campbell, United States
Novella
1939
Lest Darkness Fall
by L. Sprague de Camp, England
Novel
1940
Sirius
by Olaf Stapledon, England
Novel
Kallocain
by Karin Boye, Sweden
Novel
1941
By His Bootstraps
Novella
1942
Nerves
by Lester Del Rey, United States
Novella
1946
The Best of Science Fiction
ed. Groff Conklin, United States
Story collection
Adventures in Time and Space
ed. Rymond J. Healy, J. Francis McComas, United States
Story collection
Vintage Season
by C.L. Moore, Henry Kuttner, United States
Novella
The Skylark of Space
by E.E. "Doc" Smith, United States
Novel
Slan
Novel
In the world of science fiction publishing and fandom, A.E. van Vogt's first novel is widely considered his best. It is also in many ways typical of his entire output. Slan first appeared, like almost every van Vogt work.... Critique • Quotes • Buy
1948
The World of Null-A
by A.E. van Vogt, United States
Novel
1949
Nineteen Eighty-Four
Novel
George Orwell's dystopian novel has had the fortune to be acclaimed in the West by two usually opposed groups—right wingers and left wingers. The former saw it as a denunciation of collectivism in all its forms.... Critique • Quotes • Buy
Earth Abides
by George R. Stewart, United States
Novel
The Humanoids
by Jack Williamson, United States
Novella
1950
I, Robot
Story collection includes "Robbie", "Runaround", "Reason", "Catch that Rabbit", "Liar!", "Little Lost Robot", and others.
How strange that the most affecting characters Asimov ever created were robots. Perhaps it's the same phenomenon we find in film and television dramas in which synthetic creatures like Frankenstein's monster and.... Critique • Quotes • At the movies • Buy
The Martian Chronicles
Story collection
The Dying Earth
by Jack Vance, United States
Story collection
1951
The Day of the Triffids
by John Wyndham, England
Novel
Foundation
Novel
In the 1980s Isaac Asimov reread the Foundation stories he had written in the 1940s and had compiled as a trilogy of books in the 1950s, and he was appalled. The stories had no action, no suspense, no romance—they were.... Critique • Quotes • Buy
The Illustrated Man
Story collection
Rogue Queen
by L. Sprague de Camp, United States
Novel
Rogue Queen is a novel that was ahead of its time in the waning years of science fiction's Golden Age but is practically archaic since the field's several resurgences. It's still more than readable though and has a corny.... Critique • Quotes • Buy
The Marching Morons
by C.M. Kornbluth, United States
Novella
1952
The Martian Way
Novella
City
by Clifford D. Simak, United States
Story collection
Baby Is Three
by Theodore Sturgeon, United States
Novella
Player Piano
by Kurt Vonnegut, United States
Novel
1953
Childhood's End
by Arthur C. Clarke, England
Novel
The Demolished Man
Novel
Anyone reading The Demolished Man for the first time today may enjoy it as a kind of typical science fiction thriller—a cat-and-mouse game between cop and criminal, set in the future. A Sleuth-style battle taking place....Critique • Quotes • Buy
Earthman, Come Home
by James Blish, United States
Novella
Fahrenheit 451
Novel
It may seem Ray Bradbury's Fahrenheit 451 is becoming less relevant these days, as hard-copy books are at risk of disappearing, pushed aside by digital communications. Without paper media, warnings about.... Critique • Quotes • Buy
Bring the Jubilee
by Ward Moore, United States
Novel
The Space Merchants
by Frederick Pohl and C.M. Kornbluth, United States
Novel
More Than Human
by Theodore Sturgeon, United States
Novel
1954
The Caves of Steel
Novel
You could say Isaac Asimov always was a mystery writer. His early science fiction works were often light on action as his brainy, talkative characters sought answers to practical questions. Why did that robot act contrary.... Critique • Quotes • Buy
Mission of Gravity
by Hal Clement, United States
Novel
I Am Legend
by Richard Matheson, United States
Novella
Critics may not have known what to make of it when it came out in 1954, but what has been made of I Am Legend since then has been several fields of popular fiction, multiple movie adaptations, lots of knockoffs, and.... Critique • Quotes • At the movies • Buy
A Mirror for Observers
by Edgar Pangborn, United States
Novel
Untouched by Human Hands
by Robert Sheckley, United States
Story collection
1955
The Chrysalids
by John Wyndham, England
Novel
1956
The City and the Stars
by Arthur C. Clarke, England
Novel
The Stars My Destination
Novel, also known as
Tiger! Tiger!
The Stars My Destination has often been called one of science fiction's greatest works, sometimes the greatest. Yet, the first time I read it, I didn't get the fuss. The novel was supposed to feature an unforgettable.... Critique • Quotes • Buy
Double Star
by Robert A. Heinlein, United States
Novel
1957
The Midwich Cuckoos
by John Wyndham, England
Novel
The Glass Bees
by Ernst Jünger, Germany
Novel
1958
A Case of Conscience
by James Blish, United States
Novel
The Big Time
by Fritz Leiber, United States
Novel
The Big Front Yard
by Clifford D. Simak, United States
Novella
The Big Front Yard is a story Mark Twain might have produced if he were writing in the science fiction era. It's a far-fetched tale in a smalltown setting, featuring a fast-talking entrepreneur who faces with slyly cynical.... Critique • Quotes • Buy
1959
Starship Troopers
by Robert A. Heinlein, United States
Novel
The Sirens of Titan
by Kurt Vonnegut, United States
Novel
1960
Rogue Moon
by Algis Budrys, United States
Novel
Dorsai!
by Gordon R. Dickson, United States
Novel
A Canticle for Leibowitz
by Walter M. Miller, United States
Novel
1961
Solaris
by Stanislaw Lem, Poland
Novel
Dark Universe
by Daniel F. Galouye, United States
Novel
Stranger in a Strange Land
Novel
Stranger in a Strange Land may be an old favourite of many readers who were first exposed to it in their youth, but the time may have come to drop it from the list of great novels. It has certainly lost the cult status.... Critique • Quotes • Buy
The Moon Moth
by Jack Vance, United States
Novella
1962
Hothouse
by Brian W. Aldiss, England
Novel
The Drowned World
by J.G. Ballard, England
Novel
A Clockwork Orange
by Anthony Burgess, England
Novel
The Man in the High Castle
Novel
Around the time of this novel, Philip K. Dick was being heralded as the next scifi writer to break into mainstream popularity after Kurt Vonnegut. The Man in the High Castle won the prestigious Hugo Award for science fiction.... Critique • Quotes • At the movies • Buy
The Ballad of Lost C'mell
by Cordwainer Smith, United States
Novella
1963
Monkey Planet
by Pierre Boulle, France
Novel
Way Station
by Clifford D. Simak, United States
Novel
Cat's Cradle
by Kurt Vonnegut, United States
Novel
1964
The Three Stigmata of Palmer Eldritch
Novel
If you like straightforward story-telling with characters well fleshed out, in a book you can put down and pick up later to continue without losing the thread—then you're going to hate The Three Stigmata of Palmer Eldritch.... Critique • Quotes • Buy
Simulacron-3
by Daniel F. Galouye, United States
Novel
The Wanderer
by Fritz Leiber, United States
Novel
1965
Dune
by Frank Herbert, United States
Novel
Dune's timing was perfect. Launched in the mid-sixties around the beginning of the modern environmental movement, Frank Herbert's ecology-conscious science fiction novel and its many sequels and adaptation.... Critique • Quotes • At the movies • Buy
1966
The Crystal World
by J.G. Ballard, England
Novel
If The Crystal World were a typical science fiction novel about an impending global disaster, it'd have scientists and military heroes working against the clock trying to stop the apocalypse. In J.G. Ballard's world....Critique • Quotes • Buy
The Witches of Karres
by James H. Schmitz, England
Novel
Babel-17
by Samuel R. Delany, United States
Novel
Make Room! Make Room!
by Harry Harrison, United States
Novel
The novel Make Room! Make Room! was published right in the middle of the boom in warnings about overpopulation and depletion of resources in the 1960s and early 1970s. It actually preceded a number of more famous.... Critique • Quotes • Buy
The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress
Novel
The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress has much—maybe too much—to appeal to followers of all Robert Heinlein's diverse interests. For science fiction fans, with an emphasis on science, it suggests interesting ideas for how a colony.... Critique • Quotes • Buy
Flowers for Algernon
by Daniel Keyes, United States
Novel
The Last Castle
by Jack Vance, United States
Novella
1967
The Day of the Dolphin
by Fobert Merle, France
Novel
The Cyberiad
by Stanislav Lem, Poland
Story collection
The Einstein Intersection
by Samuel R. Delany, United States
Novel
Camp Concentration
by Thomas Disch, United States
Novel
Dangerous Visions
ed. Harlan Ellison, United States
Story collection includes novella Riders of the Purple Wage; stories "Gonna Roll the Bones"; "Aye, and Gomorrah"; and others
Riders of the Purple Wage
by Philip José Farmer, United States
Novella
Lord of Light
by Roger Zelazny, United States
Novel
1968
2001: A Space Odyssey
by Arthur C. Clarke, England
Novel
Stand On Zanzibar
by John Brunner, United States
Novel
Nova
by Samuel Delany, United States
Novel
Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?
Novella
Rite of Passage
by Alexei Panshin, United States
Novel
A Boy and His Dog
by Harlan Ellison, United States
Novella
The Left Hand of Darkness
Novel
The Left Hand of Darkness is about a lot of things. But, unlike many science fiction writers, Ursula K. Le Guin doesn't lay it all out for you in comic-book-style exposition. Rather, like a serious mainstream author.... Critique • Quotes • Buy
Bug Jack Baron
by Norman Spinrad, United States
Novel
Slaughterhouse Five
by Kurt Vonnegut, United States
Novel
1970
Tau Zero
by Poul Anderson, United States
Novel
Ill Met in Lankhmar
by Fritz Leiber, United States
Novella
Ringworld
by Larry Niven, United States
Novel
Larry Niven's popular novel has dated in the five-plus decades it's been around—though you can still find plenty of hard science fiction fans who consider it a modern classic. Ringworld arose from a certain tradition in.... Critique • Quotes • Buy
The Science Fiction Hall of Fame, Vol. I
ed. Robert Silverberg, United States
Story collection
1971
The Queen of Air and Darkness
by Poul Anderson, United States
Novella
To Your Scattered Bodies Go
Novel
It's difficult to say exactly what constitutes the essential Riverworld series. I started reading it when only the first two books of Philip José Farmer's projected trilogy existed: To Your Scattered Bodies Go and.... Critique • Quotes • At the movies • Buy
1972
Rendezvous with Rama
by Arthur C. Clarke, England
Novel
Roadside Picnic
by Arkady and Boris Strugatski, Russia
Novel
The Gods Themselves
Novel
The Sheep Look Up
by John Brunner, United States
Novel
Again, Dangerous Visions
ed. Harlan Ellison, United States
Story collection includes "The Word for World Is Forest", "When It Changed", "With The Bentfin Boomer Boys On Little Old New Alabama", and others
Beyond Apollo
by Barry N. Malzberg, United States
Novel
Dying Inside
by Robert Silverberg, United States
Novel
1974
The Forever War
by Joe Haldeman, United States
Novel
The Mote in God's Eye
by Larry Niven, Jerry Pournelle, United States
Novel
1975
Dhalgren
by Samuel R. Delany, United States
Novel
Deathbird Stories
by Harlan Ellison, United States
Story collection includes "The Whimper of Whipped Dogs", "Adrift Just off the Islets of Langerhans", "The Deathbird", and others
Catch That Zeppelin!
by Fritz Leiber, United States
Story
The Female Man
by Joanna Russ, United States
Novel
Norstrilla
by Cordwainer Smith, United States
Novel
1976
Man Plus
by Frederick Pohl, United States
Novel
Houston, Houston, Do You Read?
by James Tiptree, Jr., United States
Novella
1977
Stardance
by Spider and Jeanne Robinson, Canada
Novel
Gateway
by Frederick Pohl, United States
Novel
1978
Dreamsnake
by Vonda M. McIntyre, United States
Novella
The Persistence of Vision
by John Varley, United States
Novella
1979
The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy
The Fountains of Paradise
by Arthur C. Clarke, England
Novel
The Walking Shadow
by Brian Stableford, England
Novel
Engine Summer
by John Crowley, United States
Novel
Enemy Mine
by George R.R. Martin, United States
Novella
1980
Timescape
by Gregory Benford, United States
Novel
Riddley Walker
by Russell Hoban, United States
Novel
The Snow Queen
by Joan D. Vinge, United States
Novel
The Shadow of the Torturer
by Gene Wolfe, United States
Novel, includes four volumes: The Shadow of the Torturer, The Claw of the Conciliator, The Sword of the Lictor, and The Citadel of the Autarch.
1981
Downbelow Station
by C.J. Cherryh, United States
Novel
The Saturn Game
by Poul Anderson, United States
Novella
1982
No enemy But Time
by Michael Bishop, United States
Novel
1983
Startide Rising
by David Brin, United States
Novel
1984
Neuromancer
by William Gibson, Canada
Novel
Press Enter[]
by John Varley, United States
Novella
1985
The Handmaid's Tale
Novel
If you're well-versed in science fiction—or speculative fiction as it's often called—and you approach The Handmaid's Tale as an example of that genre, you may be disappointed. The world of Margaret.... Critique • Quotes • At the movies • Buy
Blood Music
by Greg Bear, United States
Novel
Ender's Game
Novel
When I first finished Ender's Game, before starting the second book in the series, I wondered what all the fuss was about. Oh, I enjoyed Ender's Game. It was a real scifi page-turner. But I did not feel good about.... Critique • Quotes • At the movies • Buy
Contact
by Carl Sagan, United States
Novel
1986
Speaker for the Dead
Novel
The sequel to Ender's Game picks up three thousand years later on a distant planet where humans have run into another potentially dangerous alien species with some mysterious consequences. Andrew "Ender" Wiggin, who.... Critique • Quotes • Buy
1987
Consider Phlebas
by Iain M. Banks, United States
Novel
Watchmen
by Alan Moore, Dave Gibbons, United States, graphic novel
1988
The Player of Games
by Iain M. Banks, Scotland
Novel
Cyteen
by C.J. Cherryh, United States
Novel
The Last of the Winnebagos
by Connie Willis, United States
Novel
1989
The Mountains of Mourning
by Lois McMaster Bujold, United States
Novella
Hyperion
by Dan Simmons, United States
Novel
1990
The Difference Engine
by William Gibson, Bruce Sterling, Canada, United States
Novel
The Eye of the World
by Robert Jordan, United States
Novel
1991
Beggars in Spain
by Nancy Kress, United States
Novella
1992
Snow Crash
by Neal Stephenson, United States
Novel
A Fire Upon the Deep
by Vernor Vinge, United States
Novel
Red Mars
by Kim Stanley Robinson, United States
Novel
Doomsday Book
by Connie Wills, United States
Novel
1994
Seven Views of Olduvai Gorge
by Mike Resnick, United States
Novel
1995
The Terminal Experiment
by Robert J. Sawyer, United States
Novel
The Diamond Age
by Neal Stephenson, United States
Novel
1997
Forever Peace
by Joe Haldeman, United States
Novel
1999
Cryptonomicon
by Neal Stephenson, United States
Novel
2000
The Ultimate Earth
by Jack Williamson, United States
Novella
2002
Stories of Your Life and Others
by Ted Chiang, United States
Story collection, also known as Arrival
2003
Oryx and Crake
Novel
Paladin of Souls
by Lois McMaster Bujold, United States
Novel
The Time Traveler's Wife
by Audrey Niffenegger, United States
Novel
2004
The Swarm
by Frank Schätzing, Germany
Novel
2005
Spin
by Robert Charles Wilson, Canada
Novel
Never Let Me Go
by Kazuo Ishiguro, England
Novel
2006
The Road
by Cormac McCarthy, United States
Novel
2007
The Yiddish Policemen's Union
by Michael Chabon, United States
Novel
What is this? You could waste a lot of time trying to figure out what kind of novel The Yiddish Policemen's Union is. Some people have clearly decided. The science fiction community has claimed Michael Chabon's 2007.... Critique • Quotes • Buy
2008
The Three-Body Problem
by Liu Cixin, China
Novel
The Dark Forest
by Liu Cixin, China
Novel
The Hunger Games
by Suzanne Collins, United States
Novel
Anathem
by Neal Stephenson, United States
Novel
2009
The Windup Girl
by Paolo Bacigalupi, United States
Novel
2010
Death's End
by Liu Cixin, China
Novel
Blackout/All Clear
by Connie Willis, United States
Novel
2011
The Man Who Bridged the Mist
by Kij Johnson, United States
Novella
The Martian
by Andy Weir, United States
Novel
2013
Ancillary Justice
by Ann Leckie, United States
Novel
2015
The Fifth Season
by N.K. Jemisin, United States
Novel
Binti
by Nnedi Okorafor, United States
Novella
2017
The Stone Sky
by N.K. Jemisin, United States
Novel
All Systems Red
by Martha Wells, United States
Novella
2018
The Calculating Stars
by Mary Robinette Kowal, United States
Novel
2020
Network Effect
by Martha Wells, United States
Novel